KPV side effects and results in studies
No human study of KPV appears in these records, so there are no reported side effects in people. In animal and cell work, KPV nanoparticle and nanodrug preparations were described as nontoxic, biocompatible or showing good biosafety.
What side effects of KPV have been reported? None in people, because the records we cite contain no human trial. The safety statements that exist come from delivery-system studies: hyaluronic acid-functionalised KPV nanoparticles appeared nontoxic and biocompatible with intestinal cells, and KPV-rapamycin nanoparticles showed good stability and biosafety. Those statements describe the formulations, not plain KPV.
What results were measured? In mouse colitis models, KPV in drinking water reduced the incidence of DSS- and TNBS-induced colitis, and KPV treatment gave earlier recovery, stronger body weight regain and lower myeloperoxidase activity. In rat colitis models, KPV in rectal or intracolonic hydrogels reduced disease activity, colon shortening and inflammatory cytokines. In cells, nanomolar KPV reduced NF-κB signalling and cytokine secretion.
One chemistry study reported no antimicrobial activity for the modified peptide Ac-KPV-NH2 under a variety of conditions, a result that runs against earlier reports of antimicrobial properties. None of these studies was designed to find uncommon or long-term effects.
Adverse events reported
| Event | As reported | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Toxicity to intestinal cells | HA-KPV nanoparticles appeared nontoxic and biocompatible with intestinal cells | Xiao B et al. |
| Biosafety of a combination nanodrug | KPV-rapamycin nanoparticles showed good stability and biosafety | Zhang L et al. |
Outcomes measured
| Outcome | Result as reported | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Colitis incidence, mouse (oral KPV in drinking water) | Reduced for DSS- and TNBS-induced colitis | Dalmasso G et al. |
| NF-κB activation and cytokine secretion, human cells | Inhibited at nanomolar concentrations | Dalmasso G et al. |
| Body weight regain and colonic MPO, DSS colitis mice | Earlier recovery, stronger weight regain, lower MPO | Kannengiesser K et al. |
| Survival, MC1R-deficient mice with DSS colitis | All KPV-treated animals rescued from death | Kannengiesser K et al. |
| Mucosal damage and TNF-α, mouse (oral nanoparticles) | Mucosal damage prevented; TNF-α lowered | Xiao B et al. |
| Disease activity, colon shortening, TNF-α and IL-6, rat (rectal hydrogel) | All reduced | Sun J et al. |
| Antimicrobial activity of Ac-KPV-NH2, lab assays | No activity found | PMID 29953505 |
What the studies don't show
There are no human data here, and much of the animal work tested KPV inside a delivery system or combined with another drug. The records do not measure long-term exposure or the effect of plain oral KPV in any model other than mouse drinking water.